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DEPORTATIONS

A JEWISH CZECH GIRL

DEPORTATION
A JEWISH CZECH GIRL on her way to Terezin, 1941. Photographer, Jan Lukas, took photos of the tragic situation that the Jewish Czechoslovakian residents found themselves in. He bonded with the Vogel family, and eventually took this photo with their permission.

A LONG COLUMN OF JEWS MARCHES THROUGH THE STREETS OF PABIANICE

A LONG COLUMN OF JEWS MARCHES THROUGH THE STREETS OF PABIANICE, a long column of Jews marches through the streets of Pabianice during a deportation action. Despite the harsh living conditions in the ghetto, there was a small theatre staging plays and vaudeville shows. The former Jewish school housed a Jewish-only hospital. On May 16-18, 1942, the liquidation of the ghetto took place. On May 16, the SS and SA encircled Warszawska and Zamkowa Streets, which were inside the ghetto. Jewish citizens were led along these streets. The weak, the ill, and those who did not agree to leave their homes were killed instantly. The living were kept in a stadium on Zamkowa Street. The area was encircled with a high fence.

BRATISLAVA DEPORTATION

BRATISLAVA DEPORTATION, at the beginning of 1942, just before the deportations of Jews from Slovakia to the death camps in Poland began, some 8,400 Jews remained in Bratislava. In March 1942, a hunt for Jewish youths was conducted. Hundreds of young men and boys were arrested and sent to the camp of Sered, from where they were deported to Majdanek. Some 380 young Jewish women from Bratislava and adjacent towns were sent to the temporary camp of Patronka, erected in an abandoned factory on the outskirts of Bratislava; the camp was, at this time, a holding place for hundreds of young women from western Slovakia who had been arrested. On the night of 28 March 1942, some 1,000 young women from the camp were marched to a remote railway station, crammed into freight cars and sent to Auschwitz. A few dozen escaped the deportation but were recaptured; they were deported to Auschwitz on the 2nd of April. The Slovaks paid Germany to take the Jewish population away and this was all done by Slovak guards, with little German help.

BRZEZANY JEWS BEING DEPORTED

BRZEZANY JEWS BEING DEPORTED, bridge over the river. Prior to World War II the Jewish population in Berezhany was approximately 4,000. In 1941 at the end of Soviet occupation 12,000 Jews were living in Berezhany, most of them refugees fleeing the horrors of the Nazi war machine in Europe. During the Holocaust, on Oct. 1, 1941, 500–700 Jews were executed by the Germans in the nearby quarries. On Dec. 18, another 1,200, listed as poor by the Judenrat, were shot in the forest. On Yom Kippur 1942 (Sept. 21), 1,000–1,500 were deported to Belzec and hundreds murdered in the streets and in their homes. On Hanukkah (Dec. 4–5) hundreds more were sent to Belzec and on June 12, 1943, the last 1,700 Jews of the ghetto and labor camp were liquidated, with only a few individuals escaping. Less than 100 Berezhany Jews survived the war.

CZECH JEWS ARE DEPORTED FROM BAUSCHOVITZ TO THERESIENSTADT GHETTO

CZECH JEWS ARE DEPORTED FROM AUSCHWITZ TO THERESIENSTADT GHETTO. Czech Jews are deported from Bauschovitz to Theresienstadt ghetto. Czechoslovakia, between 1941 and 1943. Credits: Jewish Museum of Prague. In November 1941, RSHA chief Reinhard Heydrich ordered the creation of a camp-ghetto at Theresienstadt, 37.5 miles (60 km) north of Prague. Between 1941 and late 1944, the German authorities, assisted by local Czech gendarmerie, deported 73,603 Jews from Prague, Brno, Ostrava, Olomouc, and other towns of the Protectorate to Theresienstadt. Most stayed only briefly in Theresienstadt, which served as a transit camp for Protectorate Jews. SS and police personnel deported the vast majority to killing sites in the Baltic States and transit camp-ghettos in District Lublin in occupied Poland in 1941–1942 and, from 1942 on, to Auschwitz. Of 82,309 Jews deported from the Protectorate, the Germans and their collaborators killed approximately 71,000 in the Holocaust. The occupation authorities and their Czech collaborators killed another 7,000 Protectorate Jews in Bohemia and Moravia. By 1945, some 14,000 Protectorate Jews remained alive in the Czech lands.

DEPORTATION DESTINATION BELZEC EXTERMINATION CAMP

DEPORTATION, DESTINATION BELZEC EXTERMINATION CAMP, To carry out the mass murder of Europe's Jews, the SS established killing centers devoted exclusively or primarily to the destruction of human beings in gas chambers. Belzec was among these killing centers. It was one of three killing centers linked to Operation Reinhard, the SS plan to murder almost two million Jews living in the German-administered territory of occupied Poland called the General Government.

DEPORTATION OF HUNGARIAN JEWS

DEPORTATION OF HUNGARIAN JEWS, Hungarian gendarmerie escorting them. In 1941, the legislation passed the third Jewish Law, which is known in Hungarian history as the racist ("race-protecting") law. One could go on listing the laws (and decrees) issued against citizens of Hungary described as Jews. Yet, for all their discriminatory quality, these acts did not mean cramming people into cattle-cars and deporting them. According to the documents so far discovered, the German-type "settlement" of the Jewish question in Hungary was raised between the Third Reich and Hungary for the first time in 1942.7 It is true, however, recent research indicate that Nazi Germany put considerable pressure on Hungary as early as during the summer and fall of 1940, to adopt some race-protection laws, in return for territorial expansion. The government of Miklós Kállay (1942-1944) as well as Horthy himself flatly refused the German demands. Until the spring of 1944 the position of hundreds of thousands of Hungarian Jews can be described as relatively safe - this despite the fact that the Jewish Laws made their lives difficult. Jewish men were forced to serve as laborers in the armed forces. Tens of thousands of these men died on the Russian front along with Hungarian soldiers; and more than 18,000 Jews, qualified as aliens were deported to Kamenets-Podolsky in the Ukraine, in the summer of 1941, where they were massacred by the German SS, Hungarian soldiers, and Ukrainian militia. During the War, approximately 15-20,000 Jews from abroad found refuge in Hungary. During 1942 and 1943, these Jews - as we know from the depositions of a number of Polish and Slovak refugees - were amazed by the nearly undisturbed life of the Jews in Hungary. They were particularly impressed by the fact that the traffic near the synagogues on Yom Kippur was directed by white gloved policemen in dress uniform. In March 1944, Hungary had the largest Jewish community, around 800 thousand people including converts. This was the largest grouping of Jews anywhere in German-controlled Europe. Still, hardly ten days after the German occupation, Edmund Veesenmayer, the plenipotentiary representative of the Reich, summed up favorably the results of the harmonious cooperation between the German and the Hungarian authorities. He reported home that, "considering the conditions here, this development /i.e. promulgation of the first anti-Jewish decrees/ can be said to be very fast." March 19th. Very exciting day. ... our German brothers are allegedly coming. There was something in the air. People were sent home from the movies, but the soccer game was held."9 These are the words Lieutenant General Kálmán Shvoy wrote into his diary (in Szeged). In many places, the population believed that the Germans were just marching through the country and at one place, in Kaposvár, Jewish housewives offered cake to the German soldiers. Directly after the German occupation, a number of gendarmerie posts sent the higher authorities reports to the effect that German soldiers were breaking into, and plundering, houses of Israelite families. Although there was no open investigation in these cases, the German military headquarters were notified. They replied saying: "The case will not go unpunished; strict orders have been issued to German soldiers to refrain from taking any material objects, and anyone not returning these objects to where they have been taken from, will be severely punished." More than one persecuted person returning to Hungary from deportation after the war recalled that the German military had behaved decently toward the Jewish population, whereas the Gestapo had been very cruel.

DEPORTATION OF JEWS FROM DRANCY TO AUSCHWITZ

DEPORTATION OF JEWS, FROM DRANCY TO AUSCHWITZ, on 20 August 1941, Drancy became an assembly camp for Jews, after the arrival of the first internees arrested for racial motives. By 24 August, 4.232 Jewish men between the ages of 15 to 50, arrested during a roundup in Paris, were delivered to the camp, which, between November 1941 and July 1942, also served as a hostage reserve for the Military Commander in Occupied France. When attacks against the occupier or its collaborators occurred, the Nazis took hostages among the Jews in Drancy and had them shot. The first transport for Auschwitz-Birkenau left on 22 June 1942. Between 22 June 1942 and 17 August 1944, 62 transports left Drancy.

DEPORTATION OF JEWS FROM RZESZOW GHETTO 1942

DEPORTATION OF JEWS FROM RZESZOW GHETTO 1942, on the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, there were according to estimates some 14,000 Jews living in the city. The Germans bombarded Rzeszow on September 9, 1939, and the following day on September 10, 1939, occupied the city. As the German forces drew closer, many Jews tried to flee to the east, but most were turned back. The Germans ordered a census, including a special listing of the city's Jews. Many were put to forced labor, such as office and street cleaning and bridge repairs, and other forms of menial labor. During this work the Jews were often beaten, and the beards and side locks of the Orthodox Jews were torn off their faces. Within the first month, the interiors of the synagogues were vandalized, and their contents desecrated. The apartments of the wealthy Jews were taken over by German officers. The Jewish hospital was turned into a military installation.